China's Henan province on Monday banned the sale of drugs for medical abortions in coordination with the province's efforts to maintain gender balance among infants, Xinhua/China Daily reports. People who violate the law could receive fines of between $385 and $2,564 and risk having their illegal profits seized by the state, and a pregnant woman who undergoes an abortion illegally could face a fine of $256. According to Xinhua/China Daily, local government sources said the ban could be seen as a measure to support regulations prohibiting sex-selective abortion in the province. Under those regulations, which took effect on Monday, abortion is permitted only if the fetus has a serious hereditary disease or severe birth defect, if continuation of gestation will damage the health or life of the pregnant woman, or if the pregnant woman is divorced or widowed (Xinhua/China Daily, 1/3). A 2000 census found that the ratio of infant boys to infant girls in Henan was about 118 boys for every 100 girls. The worldwide ratio is about 107 boys to 100 girls (BBC News, 1/3). According to the Henan Population and Family Planning Commission, the direct cause of the imbalance was gender identification with "advanced technology" and abortions of female fetuses (Xinhua/China Daily, 1/3). Sex-selective abortion is banned nationwide, but physicians who help people determine a fetus' sex for nonmedical reasons generally face only administrative penalties (Kaiser Daily Women's Health Policy Report, 8/3/06).
"Reprinted with permission from kaisernetwork. You can view the entire Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report, search the archives, or sign up for email delivery at kaisernetwork/dailyreports/healthpolicy. The Kaiser Daily Health Policy Report is published for kaisernetwork, a free service of The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . © 2005 Advisory Board Company and Kaiser Family Foundation. All rights reserved.
суббота, 28 апреля 2012 г.
суббота, 21 апреля 2012 г.
Pre-eclampsia Kidney Disease Link
Pre-eclampsia is a complication in pregnancy occurring in approximately eight percent of all pregnancies. It is characterised by elevated blood pressure and protein in the urine. It generally develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Medical doctor and researcher Bjoern Egil Vikse from the Department of Medicine at University of Bergeb is the first author of an upcoming article in the March issue of the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.
Vikse explains that there were two reasons for becoming involved in this work. The first was that a collegaue had previously found a strong correlation between pre-eclampsia and a later incidence of cardiovascular disease. The second is that UiB researchers have a unique research tool. They have access to two large databases: one is a birth registry; the other is a kidney biopsy registry. This enables them to use large, well-documented data pools in their work.
The Birth Registry provided Vikse with data from 1967 and the Kidney Biopsy Registry dates from 1988.
Unexpectedly strong correlation
Vikse and his colleagues first compared data from the two registries to see if there was a correlation between the children of mothers who had experienced pre-eclampsia and incidence of kidney disease in these children. They found no correlation.
They then compared the two databases for a possible correlation between the incidence of pre-eclampsia and later incidence of kidney disease in the mothers and found an unexpectedly strong result.
"We were amazed that the correlation was so strong," says Vikse. The data showed that pre-eclampsia alone was responsible for the mothers having a 3.3% increased risk of developing kidney disease later. If, in addition, the child had a low birth weight, the risk increased to a 4.8% increased risk with low birth-weight and a dramatic17% increased risk with very low birth-weight.
Another unexpected finding was that the increased risk was not associated with any particular kidney disease: all kidney diseases had a similar increased risk.
"You would expect the risk increase to be linked to a particular disease," explains Vikse. "It was most unusual to find that this was not the case."
Future directions
Vikse explains that the researchers will now try to characterise the correlation further as well as checking for correlations with other medical conditions such as kidney failure. Studies into the development of both pre-eclampsia and kidney disease are also needed to see if there are any similarities between the mechanisms by which both medical conditions develop.
According to Vikse, there are also more far-reaching consequences as well. This result suggests that information about having experienced a pregnancy with pre-eclampsia should be included in a woman's medical history record. Such women need to be followed up for the rest of their lives because of their increased risk of cardiovascular and kidney disease.
www.uib.no/info/english
RESEARCH COUNCIL OF NORWAY
P.O Box 2700,
St.Hanshaugen,
N-0131,
Oslo,
forskningsradet.no
About the RESEARCH COUNCIL OF NORWAY>/b>
The Research Council of Norway plays a vital role in developing and implementing the country''s national research strategy. It acts as: * a government adviser, identifying present and future needs for knowledge and research; * a funding agency for independent research programmes and projects, strategic programmes at research institutes, and Norwegian participation in international research programmes; * a co-ordinator, initiating networks and promoting co-operation between R&D institutions, ministries, business and industry, public agencies and enterprises, other sources of funding, and users of research. The Executive Board of the Research Council of Norway is responsible for the Council''s policy at the national level. Six research boards, one for each research division, submit annual strategic plans and budgets to the main Executive Board for final approval. Important research priorities according to the Research Council are: * basic research * marine research * information and communication technology * health research * energy and climate research * biotechnology * petroleum research * material science Approximately one third of Norway''s public sector research investment is channelled through the Research Council. The remainder is transferred directly from the ministries to the relevant research institutions. In 1999, Norway spent a total of NOK 20 billion on R&D, of which public sector allocations accounted for roughly NOK 8.5 billion. In 2003 the Research Council of Norway has a budget of NOK 4,4 billion.
Medical doctor and researcher Bjoern Egil Vikse from the Department of Medicine at University of Bergeb is the first author of an upcoming article in the March issue of the Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.
Vikse explains that there were two reasons for becoming involved in this work. The first was that a collegaue had previously found a strong correlation between pre-eclampsia and a later incidence of cardiovascular disease. The second is that UiB researchers have a unique research tool. They have access to two large databases: one is a birth registry; the other is a kidney biopsy registry. This enables them to use large, well-documented data pools in their work.
The Birth Registry provided Vikse with data from 1967 and the Kidney Biopsy Registry dates from 1988.
Unexpectedly strong correlation
Vikse and his colleagues first compared data from the two registries to see if there was a correlation between the children of mothers who had experienced pre-eclampsia and incidence of kidney disease in these children. They found no correlation.
They then compared the two databases for a possible correlation between the incidence of pre-eclampsia and later incidence of kidney disease in the mothers and found an unexpectedly strong result.
"We were amazed that the correlation was so strong," says Vikse. The data showed that pre-eclampsia alone was responsible for the mothers having a 3.3% increased risk of developing kidney disease later. If, in addition, the child had a low birth weight, the risk increased to a 4.8% increased risk with low birth-weight and a dramatic17% increased risk with very low birth-weight.
Another unexpected finding was that the increased risk was not associated with any particular kidney disease: all kidney diseases had a similar increased risk.
"You would expect the risk increase to be linked to a particular disease," explains Vikse. "It was most unusual to find that this was not the case."
Future directions
Vikse explains that the researchers will now try to characterise the correlation further as well as checking for correlations with other medical conditions such as kidney failure. Studies into the development of both pre-eclampsia and kidney disease are also needed to see if there are any similarities between the mechanisms by which both medical conditions develop.
According to Vikse, there are also more far-reaching consequences as well. This result suggests that information about having experienced a pregnancy with pre-eclampsia should be included in a woman's medical history record. Such women need to be followed up for the rest of their lives because of their increased risk of cardiovascular and kidney disease.
www.uib.no/info/english
RESEARCH COUNCIL OF NORWAY
P.O Box 2700,
St.Hanshaugen,
N-0131,
Oslo,
forskningsradet.no
About the RESEARCH COUNCIL OF NORWAY>/b>
The Research Council of Norway plays a vital role in developing and implementing the country''s national research strategy. It acts as: * a government adviser, identifying present and future needs for knowledge and research; * a funding agency for independent research programmes and projects, strategic programmes at research institutes, and Norwegian participation in international research programmes; * a co-ordinator, initiating networks and promoting co-operation between R&D institutions, ministries, business and industry, public agencies and enterprises, other sources of funding, and users of research. The Executive Board of the Research Council of Norway is responsible for the Council''s policy at the national level. Six research boards, one for each research division, submit annual strategic plans and budgets to the main Executive Board for final approval. Important research priorities according to the Research Council are: * basic research * marine research * information and communication technology * health research * energy and climate research * biotechnology * petroleum research * material science Approximately one third of Norway''s public sector research investment is channelled through the Research Council. The remainder is transferred directly from the ministries to the relevant research institutions. In 1999, Norway spent a total of NOK 20 billion on R&D, of which public sector allocations accounted for roughly NOK 8.5 billion. In 2003 the Research Council of Norway has a budget of NOK 4,4 billion.
суббота, 14 апреля 2012 г.
Early Detection Of Second Breast Cancers Halves Women's Risk Of Death
A group of international researchers has found the first reliable evidence that early detection of subsequent breast tumours in women who have already had the disease can halve the women's chances of death from breast cancer.
According to the research published online in the cancer journal, Annals of Oncology [1], if the second breast cancer was picked up at its early, asymptomatic stage, then the women's chances of survival were improved by between 27-47% compared to women whose second breast cancer was detected at a later stage when symptoms had started to appear.
Until now, the impact of early detection of second breast cancers was unclear. Attempts to investigate it have been complicated by the fact that it is not possible to run randomised controlled trials because women who have already had one breast cancer are at higher risk of a relapse or a second breast cancer and, therefore, are generally advised to have regular breast checks as part of their follow-up care. What studies there have been have not made adjustments for the main factors that could bias the findings from a non-randomised study and often have looked at breast cancers occurring in either the same breast (ipsilateral relapse) or the other breast (contralateral) but not either breast.
The current study looked at 1,044 women who had attended one clinical centre in Florence (Italy) between 1980-2005 and who had developed a second breast cancer. In that time 455 women had ipsilateral breast cancers (IBC) diagnosed and 589 women had contralateral breast cancers (CBC) diagnosed. Of these second cancers, 699 (67%) were asymptomatic and 345 (33%) were symptomatic.
The researchers found that mammography was more sensitive than clinical examination for detecting second cancers (86% versus 57%). However, 13.8% of cases were only detected by clinical examination. Asymptomatic cancers were smaller than symptomatic for both IBC and CBC; early stage cancers were more frequent in asymptomatic (58.1%) than in symptomatic (22.6%) women; and fewer women with asymptomatic than symptomatic CBC had node metastases (an indicator that the cancer may have spread).
In the analysis of the results, the researchers (from Italy, Australia and the UK) adjusted to allow for lead-time bias (bias caused by an earlier detection of the cancer) and length-time bias (bias caused by the fact that some breast cancers develop more slowly than others and, therefore, are more likely to be detected at the asymptomatic stage and are less likely to cause death).
Associate Professor Nehmat Houssami, a breast physician and principle research fellow at the University of Sydney's School of Public Health, Australia, who led the study, said: "Intuitively, it makes sense to consider that early detection of second breast cancers will improve prognosis, since breast cancer survivors have a long-term risk of developing further disease or relapse in either breast. However, due to a paucity of evidence about this until now, current recommendations on surveillance of breast cancer survivors vary substantially between countries and organisations.
"Our study provides new evidence on several aspects of early detection of second breast cancers. We set out to estimate the effect of early, asymptomatic detection while adjusting for the two main biases known to be associated with non-randomised studies of the impact of early detection - lead time and length bias - so we believe that the estimates we report are more valid than previously reported estimates, while acknowledging the limitation that the evidence is not from a randomised controlled trial.
"In addition, we have estimated this for early detection of either ipsilateral or contralateral breast cancer, while other studies have focused on one or the other. So our estimates may be more useful for clinicians discussing this aspect of breast cancer follow-up with their patients."
She continued: "To our knowledge, this is the only study to have taken length-time bias into account when quantifying the impact of early, asymptomatic detection of breast cancer. This is important because slow-growing or indolent cancers have a much smaller probability of proving fatal, and this group of women will tend to be over-represented in the early-detected cancers, biasing the effect of screening to make it appear more beneficial."
In their paper, the researchers write: "Recommendations on follow-up after treatment of early breast cancer should consider our findings, which suggest that early detection of second breast cancer events improves prognosis in this ever-increasing group of women."
Prof Houssami said: "Periodic surveillance of women with BC is currently under scrutiny in some countries and questions have been raised as to the value of sustained follow-up of breast cancer survivors in some health settings. So I think this work provides a timely reminder of the potential benefit of early detection of second breast cancers and supports ongoing surveillance in this group of women."
She said that their finding that nearly 14% of second breast cancers were only detected by clinical examination and that mammograms had a sensitivity of 86% was also important. "There are health settings where new imaging (ultrasound or MRI) is advocated for screening because of the belief that mammography is not sufficient and misses too many cancers in breast cancer survivors. Our data suggest that mammography, with clinical examination, is sensitive and effective (with the caveat that the Florence centre where the study originated has established experience in mammography of at least 40 years). We feel that additional screening imaging should only be used selectively, for example, in women with extremely dense breasts, or when investigating questionable findings from the mammogram or clinical examination."
Prof Houssami concluded: "The next step is to determine how to maximise early detection in this specific setting while ensuring feasibility and efficiency. One possibility currently under exploration would be to estimate the risk of a symptomatic tumour and the stage of the symptomatic tumour by time since the last mammogram. There are many questions about the optimal process and model of surveillance, such as frequency for surveillance and who should be performing longer-term surveillance in breast cancer patients, that we have not addressed in this study. These issues require further research."
[1] Early detection of second breast cancers improves prognosis in breast cancer survivors. Annals of Oncology. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp037
Annals of Oncology is a monthly journal published on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) by Oxford Journals.
Source
Annals of Oncology
According to the research published online in the cancer journal, Annals of Oncology [1], if the second breast cancer was picked up at its early, asymptomatic stage, then the women's chances of survival were improved by between 27-47% compared to women whose second breast cancer was detected at a later stage when symptoms had started to appear.
Until now, the impact of early detection of second breast cancers was unclear. Attempts to investigate it have been complicated by the fact that it is not possible to run randomised controlled trials because women who have already had one breast cancer are at higher risk of a relapse or a second breast cancer and, therefore, are generally advised to have regular breast checks as part of their follow-up care. What studies there have been have not made adjustments for the main factors that could bias the findings from a non-randomised study and often have looked at breast cancers occurring in either the same breast (ipsilateral relapse) or the other breast (contralateral) but not either breast.
The current study looked at 1,044 women who had attended one clinical centre in Florence (Italy) between 1980-2005 and who had developed a second breast cancer. In that time 455 women had ipsilateral breast cancers (IBC) diagnosed and 589 women had contralateral breast cancers (CBC) diagnosed. Of these second cancers, 699 (67%) were asymptomatic and 345 (33%) were symptomatic.
The researchers found that mammography was more sensitive than clinical examination for detecting second cancers (86% versus 57%). However, 13.8% of cases were only detected by clinical examination. Asymptomatic cancers were smaller than symptomatic for both IBC and CBC; early stage cancers were more frequent in asymptomatic (58.1%) than in symptomatic (22.6%) women; and fewer women with asymptomatic than symptomatic CBC had node metastases (an indicator that the cancer may have spread).
In the analysis of the results, the researchers (from Italy, Australia and the UK) adjusted to allow for lead-time bias (bias caused by an earlier detection of the cancer) and length-time bias (bias caused by the fact that some breast cancers develop more slowly than others and, therefore, are more likely to be detected at the asymptomatic stage and are less likely to cause death).
Associate Professor Nehmat Houssami, a breast physician and principle research fellow at the University of Sydney's School of Public Health, Australia, who led the study, said: "Intuitively, it makes sense to consider that early detection of second breast cancers will improve prognosis, since breast cancer survivors have a long-term risk of developing further disease or relapse in either breast. However, due to a paucity of evidence about this until now, current recommendations on surveillance of breast cancer survivors vary substantially between countries and organisations.
"Our study provides new evidence on several aspects of early detection of second breast cancers. We set out to estimate the effect of early, asymptomatic detection while adjusting for the two main biases known to be associated with non-randomised studies of the impact of early detection - lead time and length bias - so we believe that the estimates we report are more valid than previously reported estimates, while acknowledging the limitation that the evidence is not from a randomised controlled trial.
"In addition, we have estimated this for early detection of either ipsilateral or contralateral breast cancer, while other studies have focused on one or the other. So our estimates may be more useful for clinicians discussing this aspect of breast cancer follow-up with their patients."
She continued: "To our knowledge, this is the only study to have taken length-time bias into account when quantifying the impact of early, asymptomatic detection of breast cancer. This is important because slow-growing or indolent cancers have a much smaller probability of proving fatal, and this group of women will tend to be over-represented in the early-detected cancers, biasing the effect of screening to make it appear more beneficial."
In their paper, the researchers write: "Recommendations on follow-up after treatment of early breast cancer should consider our findings, which suggest that early detection of second breast cancer events improves prognosis in this ever-increasing group of women."
Prof Houssami said: "Periodic surveillance of women with BC is currently under scrutiny in some countries and questions have been raised as to the value of sustained follow-up of breast cancer survivors in some health settings. So I think this work provides a timely reminder of the potential benefit of early detection of second breast cancers and supports ongoing surveillance in this group of women."
She said that their finding that nearly 14% of second breast cancers were only detected by clinical examination and that mammograms had a sensitivity of 86% was also important. "There are health settings where new imaging (ultrasound or MRI) is advocated for screening because of the belief that mammography is not sufficient and misses too many cancers in breast cancer survivors. Our data suggest that mammography, with clinical examination, is sensitive and effective (with the caveat that the Florence centre where the study originated has established experience in mammography of at least 40 years). We feel that additional screening imaging should only be used selectively, for example, in women with extremely dense breasts, or when investigating questionable findings from the mammogram or clinical examination."
Prof Houssami concluded: "The next step is to determine how to maximise early detection in this specific setting while ensuring feasibility and efficiency. One possibility currently under exploration would be to estimate the risk of a symptomatic tumour and the stage of the symptomatic tumour by time since the last mammogram. There are many questions about the optimal process and model of surveillance, such as frequency for surveillance and who should be performing longer-term surveillance in breast cancer patients, that we have not addressed in this study. These issues require further research."
[1] Early detection of second breast cancers improves prognosis in breast cancer survivors. Annals of Oncology. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdp037
Annals of Oncology is a monthly journal published on behalf of the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) by Oxford Journals.
Source
Annals of Oncology
суббота, 7 апреля 2012 г.
Long Haul Flights Double Risk Of Blood Clots, Says WHO Report
The results from phase I of a group of studies by the World Health Organization (WHO) on the hazards of travel suggest that travellers who sit immobile
for four hours or more, for example in a plane, train, bus or car, are doubling their risk of getting a blood clot (venous thromboembolism or VTE).
The absolute risk of developing a blood clot is still quite small however: double a very small number and you still have a relatively small number. The
absolute risk of developing VTE from being seated immobile for four hours or more is about 1 in 6,000 the study concluded.
This is the main finding of Phase I of the WHO Research Into Global Hazards of Travel (WRIGHT) project, which was released today.
The VTE occurs when the blood stagnates in the veins after being seated for a long time. VTE usually leads to a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary
embolism.
A deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is where a blood clot or thrombus occurs in a deep vein, usually in the lower part of the leg.
Symptoms of DVT include localized pain, tenderness and swelling. It is life-threatening when it happens together with thromboembolism, where part or all of
the blood clot breaks off and travels to the lungs where it lodges in a blood vessel and becomes a pulmonary embolism that blocks the flow of essential
blood. Symptoms of pulmonary embolism include pains in the chest and difficulty breathing.
DVT can be detected and treated, and so can VTE, but if it is not, it can be fatal.
One of the studies in the WRIGHT project looked at flying in particular. It showed that taking several flights over a short period of time also put
travellers at higher risk of developing VTEs. This is because the elevated risk of a VTE from one flight stays high for about four weeks, and if more flights are
made in those four weeks, the risk accumulates.
The WRIGHT report showed that other factors that can elevate a traveller's risk of getting a VTE include:
Being obese.
Being very tall or very short (taller than 1.9 metres or 6 ft 3 in, or shorter than 1.6 metres or 5 ft 3 in).
Using oral contraceptives.
Inherited blood disorders that lead to increased clotting tendency.
The study did not investigate how to prevent DVT or VTE but experts do say that travellers should move their feet up and down at the ankle to exercise their
calf muscles and get the blood circulating in their lower legs.
Also, travellers should not wear tight clothes during travel because they encourage blood stagnation.
The authors suggest that transport authorities, airlines and doctors should inform travellers about the risk of getting VTE while travelling.
They said further studies should be done to determine the most effective ways to prevent VTEs. This is the goal of Phase II of the WRIGHT project, which is
awaiting further funding.
In the meantime the WHO advises passengers to consult their doctors about the risks of VTE before they travel.
The WRIGHT project was set up following the report in 2000 of a young female English traveller who died from a pulmonary embolism after a long haul flight
from Australia. Later in that year, the Select Committee on Science and Technology of the United Kingdom House of Lords recommded research be done on DVT
and associated risks and an expert group was convened by the WHO the following Spring, six years ago.
Phase I of the WRIGHT project was funded by the UK Government's Department for Transport and Department of Health and the European Commission.
The purpose of Phase I was to confirm whether air travel increased the risk of VTE and if so by how much.
There were five studies altogether, conducted by researchers from the Universities of Leiden, Amsterdam, Leicester, Newcastle, Aberdeen and Lausanne. The
studies were:
A case controlled population study on the risk factors of VTE.
Two retrospective cohort studies on employees of international organizations and Dutch commercial pilots that investigated risk of VTE due to air
travel.
Two pathophysiological studies that investigated the impact of immobility on travel-related VTE, and the influence, if any, of low oxygen and low
pressure in the aircraft cabin on travel-related VTE.
Click here to see
the full WRIGHT report (PDF reader required).
: Catharine Paddock
Writer: blog
for four hours or more, for example in a plane, train, bus or car, are doubling their risk of getting a blood clot (venous thromboembolism or VTE).
The absolute risk of developing a blood clot is still quite small however: double a very small number and you still have a relatively small number. The
absolute risk of developing VTE from being seated immobile for four hours or more is about 1 in 6,000 the study concluded.
This is the main finding of Phase I of the WHO Research Into Global Hazards of Travel (WRIGHT) project, which was released today.
The VTE occurs when the blood stagnates in the veins after being seated for a long time. VTE usually leads to a deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary
embolism.
A deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is where a blood clot or thrombus occurs in a deep vein, usually in the lower part of the leg.
Symptoms of DVT include localized pain, tenderness and swelling. It is life-threatening when it happens together with thromboembolism, where part or all of
the blood clot breaks off and travels to the lungs where it lodges in a blood vessel and becomes a pulmonary embolism that blocks the flow of essential
blood. Symptoms of pulmonary embolism include pains in the chest and difficulty breathing.
DVT can be detected and treated, and so can VTE, but if it is not, it can be fatal.
One of the studies in the WRIGHT project looked at flying in particular. It showed that taking several flights over a short period of time also put
travellers at higher risk of developing VTEs. This is because the elevated risk of a VTE from one flight stays high for about four weeks, and if more flights are
made in those four weeks, the risk accumulates.
The WRIGHT report showed that other factors that can elevate a traveller's risk of getting a VTE include:
Being obese.
Being very tall or very short (taller than 1.9 metres or 6 ft 3 in, or shorter than 1.6 metres or 5 ft 3 in).
Using oral contraceptives.
Inherited blood disorders that lead to increased clotting tendency.
The study did not investigate how to prevent DVT or VTE but experts do say that travellers should move their feet up and down at the ankle to exercise their
calf muscles and get the blood circulating in their lower legs.
Also, travellers should not wear tight clothes during travel because they encourage blood stagnation.
The authors suggest that transport authorities, airlines and doctors should inform travellers about the risk of getting VTE while travelling.
They said further studies should be done to determine the most effective ways to prevent VTEs. This is the goal of Phase II of the WRIGHT project, which is
awaiting further funding.
In the meantime the WHO advises passengers to consult their doctors about the risks of VTE before they travel.
The WRIGHT project was set up following the report in 2000 of a young female English traveller who died from a pulmonary embolism after a long haul flight
from Australia. Later in that year, the Select Committee on Science and Technology of the United Kingdom House of Lords recommded research be done on DVT
and associated risks and an expert group was convened by the WHO the following Spring, six years ago.
Phase I of the WRIGHT project was funded by the UK Government's Department for Transport and Department of Health and the European Commission.
The purpose of Phase I was to confirm whether air travel increased the risk of VTE and if so by how much.
There were five studies altogether, conducted by researchers from the Universities of Leiden, Amsterdam, Leicester, Newcastle, Aberdeen and Lausanne. The
studies were:
A case controlled population study on the risk factors of VTE.
Two retrospective cohort studies on employees of international organizations and Dutch commercial pilots that investigated risk of VTE due to air
travel.
Two pathophysiological studies that investigated the impact of immobility on travel-related VTE, and the influence, if any, of low oxygen and low
pressure in the aircraft cabin on travel-related VTE.
Click here to see
the full WRIGHT report (PDF reader required).
: Catharine Paddock
Writer: blog
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